DYNAMICS OF THE ARAL SEA WATER AREA ON HISTORICAL MAPS
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The global environmental crisis of the Aral Sea has garnered the attention of researchers in recent decades, leading to an increase in studies on changes in the water area and its environmental impact. While most research on the Aral Sea focuses on the past fifty years, there is a lack of information on quantitative changes from its inception to becoming an environmental disaster. Our aim is to utilize historical maps to examine the Aral Sea's area in different years and trace its evolution before the environmental crisis. By reviewing scientific papers and maps using international search engines and electronic resources, we analyzed the area of the Aral Sea on historical maps with the ArсGIS 10.4.1 GIS program. The data from 1716 to 1967 reveals that the area was 10 320 km2 in 1716, expanding to 20 538 km2 in 1742 and reaching a peak of 71 009 km2 in 1848-1849. Subsequently, the area decreased slightly to 63 691 km2 by 1907 before rising again to 66 836 km2 by 1967. It is worth noting that pre-1848-1849 historical maps may have more inaccuracies due to limited scientific knowledge and mapping techniques.
Article Details
References
Zonn I. S., Glantz M., Kosarev A. N., Kostianoy A. G. The Aral Sea Encyclopedia. – Springer Science & Business Media, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85088-5
Micklin P. The past, present, and future Aral Sea // Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management. – 2010. – V. 15. – №. 3. – P. 193–213.
Бейсенова Ә. С. Қазақстанның физикалық географиясы: оқулық – Алматы: «Ұлағат» баспасы, 2013, 328 б.
Ashirbekov U. A., Zonn I. S. Aral: The History of Dying Sea. – Dushanbe. – 2003. – 86 p.
Берг Л. С. Аральское море. – 1908. URL: https://www.openrepository.ru/article?id=223836 (дата обращения: 31.03.2024).
Ремезов С. У. Чертёжная книга Сибири. – Тобольск, 1701. – 48 с.
Книжные памятники. Топ 100. Карта Аральского моря, составленная с описей капитан-лейтенанта А. И. Бутакова. – 1850. URL: https://nlr.ru/nlr_visit/RA6290/karta-aralskogo-morya (дата обращения: 31.03.2024).
Shnitkov A. V. Destin of the big lakes of Central Asia and Western Siberia // Rep. On annual Readings of memory of L.S.Berg. – L.: Hydrometeoedit, 1976. – P. 48–53.
Breckle S. W., Geldyeva G. V. Dynamics of the Aral Sea in geological and historical times //Aralkum-a Man-Made Desert: The Desiccated Floor of the Aral Sea (Central Asia). – 2012. – Р. 13–35.
Сорокин Д. А. Remote Sensing based Dynamics of the Aral Sea Water Area. URL: https://arcreview.esri-cis.ru/2015/08/09/dynamics-of-the-aral-sea-water-area/ (дата обращения: 31.03.2024).
ЮНЕСКО-ның Ташкент Бюросы Aral Sea and the Aral Region. Tashkent: Baktria Press. – 2017 URL: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374223 (дата обращения: 31.03.2024).
Benduhn F., Renard P. A dynamic model of the Aral Sea water and salt balance //Journal of Marine Systems. – 2004. – V. 47, № 1–4. – P. 35–50.
Wang X., Cui B., Chen Y., Feng T., Li Z., Fang G. Dynamic changes in water resources and comprehensive assessment of water resource utilization efficiency in the Aral Sea basin, Central Asia //Journal of Environmental Management. – 2024. – Т. 353. – Р. 120198.
Aladin N. V., Potts W. T. W. Changes in the Aral Sea ecosystems during the period 1960–1990 //Hydrobiologia. – 1992. – V. 237. – Р. 67–79.
Маджидов О. Ш. Куда впадала река Амударья: палеогеографическое исследование //Центрально-азиатский журнал географических исследований. – 2021. – Т. 3. – С. 45–54.
Mamedov E. D., Trofimov G. N. Hydrological phase of Dasht and climate chronology of holocene of Central Asia // Uzb. geol. mag. – 1992. – Nо 1. – P. 54–57.
База данных по Аральскому морю // Основные морфометрические характеристики Аральского моря (отметка уровня воды, площадь зеркала, объем) [Электрон. ресурс] URL: http://cawater-info.net/aral/data/index.htm (дата обращения: 27.04.2024).
Balletti C. Analytical and quantitative methods for the analysis of the geometrical content of historical cartography // International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. – 2000. – Vol. XXXIII, – part B5. – P. 30–35.
Affek A. Georeferencing of historical maps using GIS, as exemplified by the Austrian military surveys of Galicia // Geographia Polonica. – 2013. – Vol. 86(4). – P. 375–390. https://doi.org/10.7163/gpol.2013.30
Lafreniere D., Rivet D. Rescaling the past through mosaic historical cartography // Journal of Maps. - 2010. – Vol. 6(1). – P. 417–422. https://doi.org/10.4113/jom.2010.1120
Bitelli G., Cremonini S., Gatta G. Cartographic heritage: Toward unconventional methods for quantitative analysis of pre-geodetic maps // Journal of Cultural Heritage. - 2014. – Vol.15(2). – P. 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2013.04.003
George M., Grethe R., Zacharias N. Depicting the past: The value of old maps and topographic diagrams in cultural heritage through GIS // Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. – 2023. – Vol. 52. – P.104276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104276.
Baeten J., Lave R. Retracing Rivers and drawing swamps: Using a drawing tablet to reconstruct an historical hydroscape from army corps survey maps // Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History. – 2020. – Vol. 53 (3). – P. 182–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2020.1748151
Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей СССР. Проект «Моря СССР». Т. VII: Аральское море / Под ред. В.Н. Бортника, С.П. Чистяевой. – Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1990. – 196 с.