COMPLEX MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURE AT BURABAY NATIONAL PARK USING REMOTE SENSING DATA
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Abstract
Overtourism has become a pressing issue in many protected natural areas, causing significant environmental degradation. This study focuses on the environmental consequences of overtourism in Burabay National Park by utilizing remote sensing data from 2020 to 2024. The research employs a multi-criteria approach using NDVI, NDWI, LST, NDBI, and BSI indices to assess changes in vegetation, water resources, land surface temperature, urbanization, and soil degradation. Satellite images were selected based on minimal cloud cover and peak tourist flow periods to ensure accurate monitoring of ecological conditions. The findings indicate substantial fluctuations in vegetation cover, with a temporary decline in NDVI values in 2021-2022, followed by a notable recovery in 2023-2024. NDWI analysis reveals a decline in water bodies until 2023, with signs of partial recovery in 2024. LST variations confirm the impact of land degradation, showing increased surface temperatures in 2021-2023, which later decreased as vegetation cover improved. The expansion of urbanized areas, reflected in NDBI growth, highlights the increasing anthropogenic impact. BSI trends indicate intensified soil degradation, particularly in 2024. Overlay analysis categorized the national park into three degradation levels, emphasizing areas requiring urgent conservation measures. These results provide valuable insights into sustainable management and mitigation strategies to balance tourism and environmental preservation in Burabay National Park.
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